Karakteristik dan Gambaran Klinis Pasien Demam Tifoid Anak di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Al-Ihsan Bandung Periode Maret-Mei 2016

Abstract

Abstract: Typhoid fever is a major public health problem that increases morbidity and mortality worldwide. The incidence of typhoid fever in children aged 2-5 years in endemic areas like Indonesia is 148.7 per 100,000 inhabitants / year and similar to school-age children and adolescents. Symptoms of typhoid fever arehighly variable. Clinical symptom is a crucial thing since the gold standard in the diagnosis of typhoid fever needs a relatively long time so it is not feasible to be done. This study aims to determine the characteristics and clinical symptoms (headache, obstipation, diarrhea, typhoid tongue, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly) that can be used as a reference for diagnosis of typhoid fever. This research method was descriptive with cross sectional design. The data collection method was consecutive sampling. The determination of the samples used a total sampling of all secondary data patient records of children with typhoid fever in the General Hospital of Al-Ihsan Bandung from the month of March to May 2016. The results showed  the incidence of typhoid fever in children at the General Hospital of Al-Ihsan Bandung has the highest percentage in the age 6 months−6 years (44%) with the largest gender was male (60%). Clinical symptoms that were appeared in typhoid fever were vomiting (64%), abdominal pain (58%), nausea (56%), decreased appetite (36%), diarrhea (32%), obstipation (30%), headache (22%), fatigue (8%), typhoid tongue (4%), and myalgia (2%). However, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were not found. In conclusion, the clinical symptoms in pediatric patients with typhoid fever usually include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The most common gender in pediatric patients with typhoid fever is male and highest in the age 6 months−6 years.

Abstrak: Demam tifoid merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang serius yang menyebabkan peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas di dunia. Insidensi demam tifoid anak usia 2−5 tahun di area endemik seperti Indonesia adalah 148,7  per  100.000 penduduk/tahun, serupa untuk usia sekolah dan remaja. Gejala demam tifoid sangat  bervariasi, dari asimtomatik sampai dalam keadaan akut dengan karakteristik berupa demam mirip penyakit malaria dan demam berdarah. Dalam menegakkan diagnosis demam tifoid, gejala klinis merupakan hal penting karena pemeriksaan standar baku memerlukan waktu  lama sehingga tidak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakteristik dan gejala klinis (nyeri kepala, obstipasi atau diare, lidah tifoid, hepatomegali, dan splenomegali) yang dapat dijadikan acuan penegakan diagnosis demam tifoid. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif berdesain cross sectional dengan metode pengambilan data consecutive sampling. Penentuan besar sampel menggunakan total sampling dari  seluruh data sekunder rekam  medik pasien demam  tifoid anak di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Al-Ihsan Bandung periode bulan Maret−Mei 2016. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kejadian demam tifoid anak di RSUD Al-Ihsan Bandung paling tinggi pada usia 6 bulan−6 tahun (44%) dengan jenis kelamin terbanyak  laki-laki (60%).  Gejala klinis pada demam tifoid adalah muntah (64%), nyeri perut (58%), mual (56%), penurunan nafsu makan (36%), diare (32%), obstipasi (30%), nyeri kepala (22%), lemas (8%), lidah tifoid (4%), mialgia (2%), sedangkan hepatomegali serta splenomegali tidak ditemukan. Simpulan, gejala klinis pada pasien anak demam tifoid pada umumnya adalah mual, muntah, dan nyeri perut. Demam tifoid anak cenderung terjadi pada laki-laki dan pada usia 6 bulan−6 tahun.